Effective Communication A Non Injury Claims - 817 Words

Within the position I have, A Non-Injury Claims Adjuster, I think that the main thing is being able to listen a communicate all relevant information. Although everyone has different ways in which they communicate, the only correct communication to me is effective communication. Without effective communication, many things can be passed on that are not true or that get twisted in some form of way. Recently, my team had an issue where something was said about vacation days not being available during a certain time of the year and because no one wanted to bring the issue to upper management, the issue was never resolved and at the last minute people were trying to take vacation at the same time. If someone would have brought the issue to upper management and asked for clarification, then the entire problem could have been avoided with the right communication. Grapevine I think that some of the best information is heard through the grapevine even if it’s not the best news or information but some part of the information has to be true or else it wouldn’t have been passed down. An example of where information that was passed through the grapevine was job openings for a certain position within Nationwide Insurance. Although the rumors came from those who already knew about the positions such as managers and employees already working in that department, there still wasn’t any time frame on when the hiring was going to take place and how many positions were open. I know for me IShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Safety : Safety And Safety918 Words   |  4 Pageshazards; safety goals, objectives and program audits; safety tracking and metrics; identification of hazards and control; safety education, training and communications. Talking about workplace safety, it is necessary to mention health and safety hazards. According to definition of Rajagopal J., â€Å"a ‘hazard’ is something that in itself may cause harm or injury.† (Rajagopal, 2009).Workplace hazards include moving parts of machinery, flammable or toxic substances and lifting heavy things. Also hazards can beRead MoreForensic Accountants Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesCertain government agencies have established core competency frameworks that a forensic accountant student’s must demonstrate. Some of these skills include strategic critical thinking, problem solving/decision making, leadership, interpersonal and communication skills, and professional and ethical behavior. Strategic critical thinking is the ability to link data, knowledge, and insight together from various disciplines to provide information for making a decision and communicate a vision, strategy, goalsRead MoreTreating Autism Spectrum Disorders1025 Words   |  5 Pagesclass of developmental brain disorders with symptoms that range widely with each affected individual. Autism is a disorder that varies in severity of social interaction and communication that can benefit from the help of different types of treatment. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, autism, pervasive development disorder, and non pervasive developmental disorder are disorders on the autism spectrum with differing levels of intensity. Treatments for autism include medications, special diets, and psychologicalRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication1210 Words   |  5 Pagesimportance of good communication skills. Most college students are familiar with the aspect of good communication, but everyone seems to avoid exp laining poor communication in detail. I believe the best way to practice good communication is to understand what poor communication is and to analyze how you may be practicing poor communication without proper knowledge. We use communication to express our thoughts and opinions. Communication takes place in many methods the main method of communication includesRead MoreThe Accident Compensation Corporation ( Acc ) And Case Management Society Of America1842 Words   |  8 Pagesclient and/ or family s comprehensive health needs, this is achieved through communication and finding cost effective resources available to help promote the quality of a person’s life (CMSA, 1990). New Zealand healthcare has a system that deals with accident and compensation only, this organisation was founded in 1974 and it’s called ACC (Accident Compensation Corporation). ACC deals with New Zealand’s accident or injury by helping treat and rehabilitate the affected claimant. ACC organisation isRead MoreLeadership in Crisis Situation1566 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 20, 2010 the Deep Water Horizon drilling unit operated by British Petroleum (BP) experienced a catastrophic explosion, resulting in 11 casualties, 15 serious injuries, and an uncontrolled discharge of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico for the next 3 months. Countless number of livelihoods that relied on the gulf’s ecosystem was indelibly marred by the environmental disaster, costing billions in damages that are still being accounted more than 2 years later. During the crisis, many differingRead MoreOrganizational Leadership as Correlate of Absenteeism at Work Station1724 Words   |  7 Page sFailure of scientific management gave birth to human relation movement. It was founded on more emphasis on workers cooperation and moral. The study of human relations is not a new phenomenon. It got recognition in business, production still continued to claim dominating place in business operation. Production still preceded worker in order of its focus on business organization. Human aspects of work such as decent hours of work, fair wages, good working condition were essential for industrial growth ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Health Information On Individuals, Professionals, And Organizations Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation is an important source of information and evidence when the services provided are communicated in legal and professional documentation. It is a documentation which is a legal requirement and a record of the beneficiary’ care as well as a communication vehicle between other disciplines and providers. It not only ensures the services provided to individuals but is a crucial tool to support reimbursement of services and a basis for research. Incomplete and improper documentation potentially mayRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthe emotions of each event. For some, life is more tragic than others and starts earlier than others. Children in particular are vulnerable to these tra gic events because they are unable to properly defend themselves, depending on their size and communication ability. Child abuse and neglect are problems that are happening to children all across the world. David Pelzer, author of the autobiographic book A Child Called It, was an American child who experienced child abuse and is still feelings its effectsRead MoreThe Exclusion Clause Of Sfl1694 Words   |  7 PagesHoughton) and statutory controls. In order to answer Part 2, it will necessary to structure an exception clause for SFL to avoid any future claims of consumers. Research into the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (â€Å"UCTA†) and Consumer Rights Act 2015 (â€Å"CRA†) should be analysed. This essay will substantiate the view that the exclusion clause of SFL was invalid, therefore, a claim from Maz Supermarket would be entirely justified. On behalf of Part 2, the upcoming clause will protect the business for any consumer

Health Care Management U.S. Health Care

Question: Describe about evolution of health care in United States, major characteristics of US health care system, major type of healthcare professionals, technologists and therapists. Answer: Evolution of health care in United States Conveyance of health care services has progressed significantly in the United States, in the past century. It has considerably evolved from elementary and family oriented art to a service driven by technology now a large business of the nation. Major characteristics of US health care system The United States claims to have an authentic system of health care services in comparison to the other developed countries across the globe. Various subsystems of the US take up the responsibility to deliver health care services which are developed by market forces, or cater to the needs of special populations (Beckfield, Olafsdottir Sosnaud , 2013). The US healthcare industry has provided employment to over 14.4million people and counting, ranging from suppliers and providers for healthcare facilities, payers and insurers. The rehabilitation services provided by the speech, occupational and physical therapists are more than 410,000. Over 195 million people are covered under private healthcare insurance, and 105 million from the insurance of public health care like Medicaid and Medicare. The sector for private health care includes over 452 health care providing organizations and 905 preferred provider organizations for health care (Shi Singh, 2015). Managed Care this system mainly aims at the functional efficacy by aggregating the fundamental principles of delivery of health care. Military this system attends to the healthcare system of all the military personnel. It is a system which integrates medical care with health of the public. It is a planned, manipulative and concrete service, which incorporates preventive measures provided by the professionals of health care. Sub system for special populations The special populations refers to those individuals who are more prone to diseases, but does not have sufficient resources to pay for them. They are provided care through the various health insuring programs for the public, health care centers and free clinics. Integrated Delivery It demonstrates the types of possession and correlations between the hospitals and the health care organizations. It incorporates groups of organizations into a chain or network which attends to the health care needs of the population in a coordinated manner. Long term care- This system comprises the non medical as well as the medical care, which are provided to old and disabled individuals. Public health system This system aims to promote and safeguard the health of the community. Major type of healthcare professionals The major professionals dedicated to health care services include- Physicians- They are the people, who help in diagnosing persons anomalies in health, evaluate the condition of health in people and provide with a prescribed treatment. Dentists They diagnose and treat issues related to the oral health. Their major specializations include- dentists, orthodontists and oral surgeons. Pharmacists Their main responsibility is to supply and distribute the medicines suggested by the dentists, physicians and podiatrists. Nurses- The maximum number of health care professionals dedicates their careers to the nursing services. They are the caretakers of the injured and sick. Non physician practitioners- They are professionals similar to physicians, but do not possess DO or MD degree. They undergo a reduced advancement in training than physicians. Allied Health Professionals- This sector includes a lot other areas which are health related, and represents about 60% of the work force in health care of the US such as, graduates and post graduates and doctoral level trainees in health care ("Allied health services", 2016). Technologists and therapists They help in the diagnosis of the health anomalies in patients, for example physiotherapists. Public health professionals- They aim to build a healthy environment for the community entirely. They are dedicated to diverse professions as social scientists, lawyers, environmentalists and administrators. Administrators for health services They are usually associated with the governing bodies of diverse organizations that deliver and promote health services. Major type of health care settings Outpatient hospitals-Care of outpatients is not dependent of the services provided by the healthcare institutions. The services provided by the outpatient settings include- Opportunities for private practice Clinics for hospital outpatients Independent health care facilities Ambulatory medical facilities Home care Long term care for outpatients Hospitals According to American Hospital Association, hospital can be defined as an institution which aims to provide both therapeutic and diagnostic services to the patient. The development and functionality of a hospital is commanded by the laws of the federation, regulation of state health, ordinances of the city, Joint Commission Standards and national codes for the building. Managed care- This sector holds a predominant power to elementally alter the health care delivery in the US. Managed care has achieved unparallel success. Organizations delivering managed care facilities acquired an immense power of buying by registering a huge fraction of the population of the United States who are insured and guarantee them cost-effective health care. Long term care- this is a specialized care service which invests in long term care of the patients usually provided by the nursing homes. It generally includes advanced nursing facilities and specialized care. This service has a very high economic value. Challenges and opportunities Advancement of technology Advancement of medical technology has brought innumerable profits to the civilization of modern times. Advanced and revolutionary processes of diagnosis have consequently minimized the health related issues and other ailments. Innovative medical treatments not only have helped in alleviating the persistent diseases but also promote and increase the quality and longevity of life. Cost effectiveness and improved technology are inversely proportional. It might seem that technological advancement of medical science is quite expensive, this is one of the primary reasons why the United States have been unable to sustain a ubiquitous health insurance policy ("Top 5 Medical Technology Innovations", 2013). Financial reimbursement Financing alludes to any component that provides the capacity to pay for services pertaining to health care to individuals. Financing is a necessity to achieve improved health services for many people. The convolutions of financing are the essential attributes of therapeutic consideration in the United States. Most medical coverage is financed by private organizations. Health policy Public policies can be defined as authentic decisions made by the administrative branches of the government, which aims to direct the activities and decisions made by others. Health policies are frequently considered as an associated product of the social policies for the common. They concern the services provided by the health care at all levels which includes the policies which impacts their productivity, finance and delivery("HSRIC: Health Care Reform, Health Economics, and Health Policy", 2016). Such policies may also affect the socio economic conditions of a community, medical schools and health sustaining organizations. Health policies are established by the administrative branches of the federation and are subject to application, rejection and alteration by the judicial branches whenever required. References Allied health services. (2016). www.asahp.org. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.asahp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Health-Professions-Facts.pdf Beckfield, J., Olafsdottir, S., Sosnaud, B. (2013). Healthcare systems in comparative perspective: Classification, convergence, institutions, inequalities, and five missed turns.Annual review of sociology,39, 127-146. HSRIC: Health Care Reform, Health Economics, and Health Policy. (2016). Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hsrinfo/health_economics.html Shi, L., Singh, D. A. (2015).Essentials of the US health care system. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Top 5 Medical Technology Innovations. (2013). Asme.org. Retrieved 10 June 2016, from https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/bioengineering/top-5-medical-technology-innovations.

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example Essay Example

Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example Paper Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Introduction Charvi Patel April 7th, 2010 Obesity among Children and Adolescents Obesity has been a controversial issue for years. Childhood obesity is already an epidemic in some areas and is on the rise in others. Although rare in the past, obesity is now amongst some of the most widespread issues affecting our children and adolescents living in the United States today. Childhood obesity is harmful to not only the child’s present lifestyle but it also affects the child’s future. Obesity in children is on the rise due to parenting style, inadequate exposure to healthy foods at a young age, availability of unhealthy foods, lack of education and awareness of the side effects and risks, and an increase in sedentary behavior. Obesity is a serious concern that affects our children and adolescents today. Obesity in children can be defined as a body weight of at least 20% higher than of the healthy weight for a child of that height, or a body fat percentage above 25% in boys or above 32% in girls (Ferry). While more children are becoming overweight, the already heavy children are getting even heavier. Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Body Paragraphs Obesity has a profound effect on a child’s life. Its effects include numerous health problems, emotional or psychological distress, and social problems. Studies have shown that overweight children are more likely to grow up to become overweight adults. For example, one study found that approximately 80 percent of children who were overweight at 10 to 15 years old were obese at 25 (Bellows and Roach). Parenting styles are a very influential factor that can lead to obesity in children and adolescents. Many parents rely on a parenting technique called the reward system. The reward system is used to get children to do what they are told to, and in return they receive a treat. Most of the time this treat is in the form of something sweet such as candy, chocolate, or ice cream or sometimes even going out to eat at their favorite place. Roberta Anding, a registered dietician with BCM and Texas Children’s Hospital, makes an interesting point. She said â€Å"Rewarding children with food is not a good idea. It elevates the status of food and makes certain foods or treats more valuable to children† (Anding). Parents don’t realize that this way of ewarding their child just leads to them eating more unhealthy foods than they already consume on a daily basis. By continuing to use this system, the child catches on to the idea of doing as the parent says and they will get the food of their choice regardless of whether it’s healthy or not. This cycle just goes on and on and continues to add to the amount of sugars and unhealthy foods your child will consume. This overconsumption of unhealthy foods will put your child in danger of becoming overweight or obese at a young age. Parents are responsible for the food their child eats are home. Early imprinting will help alter their taste perceptions at a young age (Anding). Children develop their tastes and likings of a food at a young age. Many parents chose to give their child anything he or she is willing to eat. They believe that as long as the child eats it’s not a big deal what the food item is. This thought can be proven harmful to their child later on. If the child is introduced to unhealthy foods and has been brought up eating them, then most likely the child will continue to make unhealthy food choices throughout their life. It is the parent’s duty to ensure that their child is exposed and produces a taste for healthy foods. Developing these healthy eating habits early on will help your child avoid falling into the trap of childhood obesity. The environment and people around children and adolescents play a big role in the choices they make. The home, child care, school, and community environments can influence children’s behaviors related to the food they eat. Child care providers and schools share responsibility with the parents for children during their important developmental years. Children that go to these facilities are increasingly making u nhealthy food choices. Schools and child care providers are encouraging snacking. It is common for elementary schools to allow students to have a snack during the day. Children see the other kids with cookies or chips or another unhealthy snack and their mind automatically craves those foods as well, which leads to the child going and buying that snack or insisting on their parent packing them those types of foods. They’re defense is â€Å"I want to take cookies or chips too; all the other kids are eating them†. The average parent just finds it easier to pack whatever their child wants rather than sitting and trying to reason with them and explain why it’s bad for them. It’s wrong to blame just the parents or the other kids for contributing to unhealthy food choices. Schools are making it harder and harder for kids to stay on the right track. They are providing the child with a variety of numerous unhealthy food items that all look appetizing such as pizz a, pop or other drinks high in sugar, and fried foods. Children’s dietary habits have shifted away from healthy foods (such as fruits and vegetables) to a much greater reliance on fast food, snack foods, and sugary drinks. Kids see that they have the option of eating them and choose to do so. They are tempted to eat these foods and can’t help but give in to this temptation. Schools aren’t considering the fact that giving kids the choice to eat these types of foods is adding to the increasing levels of obesity in children globally. Children as well as parents are unaware of the serious side effects and risks that can be caused by unhealthy eating habits. Unhealthy eating at a young age leads to childhood obesity. Childhood obesity can affect the child’s health not only at the current time but also in the future. It can lead to many early onset health problems and complications. Obesity in children and teens has been found to be the leading cause of pediatr ic hypertension (high blood pressure); it increases the risk of coronary heart disease and stress on weight bearing joints, and is associated with Type II diabetes mellitus. But these health complications aren’t the only consequences of childhood obesity. It can also lead to social and psychological problems in the child such as a low self-esteem and affect relationships with peers, which can lead to psychological health disorders related to weight such as bulge eating, bulimia, and anorexia. The child or adolescents life can be put in danger by multiple unhealthy food choices that have lead to this epidemic of childhood obesity. The popularity of television, computers, and video games translates into an increasingly sedentary (inactive) lifestyle for many children in the United States. The sedentary behavior in a child and adolescents daily routine is a major contributing factor to the increasing rates of childhood obesity. The media may decrease the time children spend enga ging in physical activities, which in turn lowers the child’s metabolic rates. Several studies have shown a positive association between the amount time spent viewing television and the increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Children in the United States spend an average of over three hours per day watching television. Not only does this use little energy (calories), but it also encourages snacking (Ferry). Another problem with the increase of hours a child spends in front of the TV is their viewing of advertisements. Children are influenced to make unhealthy food choices through exposure to food advertisements. The average child sees 10,000 TV advertisements related to unhealthy foods per year (Spurlock), which in turn affects the food choices by making them crave these unhealthy foods. These cravings then lead to an overconsumption of fatty foods. The prevention of childhood obesity starts at home. In early childhood, exposure to proper nutritional foods, good exe rcise/activity habits, and monitoring of television viewing, will help your child make the right food choices. Parents are the most influential factors on their child’s choices. Parents are viewed as role models and the best teachers a child can have. Children are constantly watching what their parent is doing. You can help them adapt good habits by following them yourself. First, educate yourself about your children’s nutritional needs. Use what you learn to help your children develop a healthy attitude about eating. As a parent, be sure to introduce your child to variety of healthy foods at a young age. Children might not like the food right away but be sure to offer it to them multiple times, don’t just give up. A trick to get your child to eat healthy during meals is offering the protein and the colorful veggies first, when your child is most hungry. Be sure to be consistent and offer nothing until the next scheduled mealtime or regular snack time. The child will get the hang of it and make it a part of their daily routine. As a parent, limit the amount of time your child spends watching TV, sitting at the computer, or playing video games. Eating junk food while sitting in front of a screen contributes to the recipe for child obesity. Replace these unhealthy snacks with more nutritional snacks such as bananas, healthy crackers, carrots, or celery sticks. Being overweight is unhealthy and uncomfortable– and very unpleasant for a young child. Follow TV time with a physical activity outdoors if possible. Allow your child to experiment and try out different activities to help figure out which he or she enjoys the most. Encourage children to engage in physical activities that burn calories and use different muscle groups: running games, swimming, skating, and riding a bicycle. These activities will you’re your child build strong bones and muscles, maintain a healthy heart, and improve coordination, posture, and reflexes. Parks and playgrounds are great ways to burn off excess calories and give them interact with other children. The goal is to get your child or adolescent to participate in physical activities for at least 30 minutes each day. Parents should be role models for their children. If they see you being active, chances are they will do the same and will continue stay active into their adult years. A good way to get your whole family to be active is plan family activities so that everyone can be active and have fun as a family. Following these guidelines will help increase your child’s physical activity level, and in turn help decrease your child’s risk of obesity. Childhood obesity has become a serious issue that affects not only our children today but the future of children as well. The number of children that are diagnosed as obese is expected to continue to rise until something is done to bring our nation’s children back to a healthy state before it’s too late. Exc ess weight has both immediate and long term consequences. This current issue demands our serious attention (Bellows and Roach). It is our job to put an end to this. Obesity is on the rise due to these unhealthy food choices that have become a part of children and adolescents everyday lives. If we do not attempt to address this epidemic it will become out of hand and lead to our children having to face obesity in their later years, as well as now. Obesity is easier to prevent then treat. The earlier we tackle this issue the better off it will be for our children. Works Cited Page Anding, Roberta. â€Å"Exposing Children To Different Flavors Helps Kids Develop Taste For Variety Of Foods. † Redorbit News. RedOrbit, 17 04 2009. Web. 07 Apr 2010. . Bellows, L. , and J. Roach. â€Å"Childhood Overweight. † Extension. Colorado State University, 2009. Web. 7 Apr 2010. . Ferry, Robert Jr,. â€Å"Obesity in Children. † emedicinehealth: experts for everyday emergencies. we bMD, LLC. , 2010. Web. 7 Apr 2010. . Spurlock, Morgan, Script. Super Size Me. Dir. Morgan Spurlock. † 2004, Film. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Geox Essays

Geox Essays Geox Paper Geox Paper Geox main competitive advantages are: Technology: constant focus on the product with the application of innovative and technological solutions developed by Geox and protected by patents. Focus on the consumer: cross-market positioning for products, with a vast range of shoes for men, women and children in the medium to medium/high price range (family brand). Brand recognition: strong recognition of the Geox brand thanks to an effective communication strategy and its identification by the consumer with the breathing concept. Internationalization: a growing presence on international markets thanks to easy replication of a business model already tried and tested in Italy. Distribution: a network of monobrand Geox Shops in Italy and abroad which has been developed according to each countrys distribution structure and calibrated to the widespread network of multibrand clients. The goal of both networks is to optimize market share and, at the same time, to promote the Geox brand to end-consumers on a consistent basis. Supply chain: a flexible delocalized business model with considerable outsourcing, capable of efficiently managing the production and logistics cycle while the Company maintains control over critical phases of the value chain, so as to ensure product quality and timely deliveries. Geox is the 1st shoe brand in Italy and the 2nd in the world. Since the start of 2008 the company is a member of the S/MIB index, the leading blue chips index for the Italian stock market. Lets take a look at Geox 2008 results (the images are taken from Geox 2008 financial statements): :

Attack Tree Of Computer Security

Attack Tree Of Computer Security This report is introduces about the possible attack for company and it represent by the attack tree diagram. In the company have six computer and internal server. Each computer is using Microsoft window 7. They are using the DVD to store the backup and the router is default setting. Each employee has the email address. Firstly, I will attack the workstation, try to obtain the password illegally and attack the security such as install virus, Trojan, worm and DOS attack. After that, I will attack the dvd to get the dvd and do some malicious action. Obtain the DVD can through the employee, such as bribe or threaten. Malicious action will install the threats into the DVD and spread to other computer when they are using the backup. Then, we will attack the router which is change the WEP or filter the mac address to cause the computer cannot connect to the network. We also can using threats through the router to install into the system, e.g plashing, pharming, DNS cache poisoning and spoo fing. However, I will attack the server using the internal threats and external threats, such as ask a person to disguise a customer to get the information from company, or ask the temporarily customer to be a spy to do some malicious action. Moreover, attack the email using the security threats like phishing, email spam, virus and spam. Then, obtain the email password from the target. Finally, attack the window 7 using hacking tools to destroy the host file from the system and using physical attack to the system and obtain the important data or change the data to make a big lose for the company. All of these attacks will discuss in this report. Introduction and scope Attack tree helps one to understand security issue better, from the stand point of an attacker. Attack trees are a graphical and mathematical construct used to identify most of the attack that will cause the greatest risk to the defender, determine effective strategies decrease the risk in a acceptable level for the de fender, describe the potential attack between the adversary and the defender, provide a communication mechanism for security analysts, capture what is known and believed about the system and its adversaries, and store the information in a diagram that can be understood for the subsequently defenders. Although it is very hard to identify the entire possible factor that leads to intuition, it is based on the experiences and the ability to extrapolate how the experiences apply on the new situation.  For example, the effectiveness of internet security, network security, banking system security, installation and personnel security may all be modelled using attack trees. The ideal of attack tree is that an equipment, software, process could have vulnerabilities that when successful, they could compromise the entire system. Scope There are six computers and one internal server and each computer encompasses Microsoft Window 7 and Microsoft Office 2007. Each workstation has been patched wi th all updates of March 25, 2010. They are using ADSL 2+ connection. The server and workstation backup is store in a DVD. All the employees have email addresses and there share the document through a D-Link DNS-323 NAS. The router is utilising default settings and consists of a D-Link DSL G604t. Each workstation is utilising Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool.

Week 2 Academic Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 2 Academic Paper - Assignment Example It is important to clarify that this paper adds immense value to the operations of the research body of knowledge and to the cyber security community. This is by enlightening them on a number of common threats and how they can be mitigated. It also provides a well-defined auditing approach, which focuses on sorting of audit records based on legitimate and Clandestine users. Lastly but certainly not the least, it goes ahead to outlining a quality structure of a computer security surveillance system, which is very important in enhancing data security in a cyber-network (Anderson, 1980). Regardless of the benefits, there is a considerable number of weaknesses on this paper and they include lack of clear explanation on how data encryption will be implemented in the integration of surveillance subsystems. It also has a weakness particularly on monitoring vulnerability in a computer network connection (Westby, 2004). Instead, it only outlines computer security monitoring on the individual computer users and

Explain the different roles played by (i) the central bank, (ii) Essay

Explain the different roles played by (i) the central bank, (ii) depository institutions, and (iii) depositors in the determina - Essay Example For example, there is a strong proof that when money increases rapidly in an economy, there develops a direct relation between money-supply and long-term price inflation. On the other hand, a decrease in the level of money supply in a country leads to a decrease in economic activity, tightened spending levels and a fall in consumer demand. The quantity theory of money states that money supply has a relationship that is directly proportional in nature to the price level (Friedman, 1956). Different institutions have different but correlated roles to play in the determination of money supply in a country and the global economy. Examples of such institutions are the central bank and depository institutions. Depositors also have a part to play in this. Roles of the central bank Every country has a central bank that monitors and determines money supply in the country’s economy. In the US, the money supply is determined by the US Federal Reserve, the central banking system of the US. Its role is to foster economic growth in the US by regulating the actions of private banks and stabilizing the money supply. The Federal Reserve, also known as Fed, uses the expansive monetary policy as a guide in expanding the US money supply (Shin, 2009). Using the expansive monetary policy, the Federal Reserve channels more reserves to the banking system so as to allow private banks more liquidity and to make sure that they have the required ability to issue loans. In the UK, determination of money supply is the function of the Bank of England while that of the counties under the EU is the European Central Bank (ECB) (Burda and Wyplosz, 1997). In order to stabilize an economy in a country, the central bank has the power to determine the level of money stock through the operation of different monetary policies. These policies include reserve requirements, open market operations and discount rates. The most dominant among the three monetary policies is the open market operations p olicy. According to Howells and Bain (2009), an open market operation is a situation in which the central bank purchases or trades government securities for cash in an effort to contract or expand the total money supply. Money supply in the country will increase if the central bank purchases government securities but it will contract if the central bank sells government securities. The responsibility of the central bank in relation to fractional reserve banking is to hold a particular fraction of all deposits. This can be in account with the central bank or in cash. In order to alter money supply, the central bank alters the percentage of total deposits that needs to be held by commercial banks. In this way, the central bank can increase the monetary base in a country by reducing the reserve requirements or reduce the monetary base by increasing the reserve requirements (Mishkin, 1998). The central banks also determine money supply in a country by controlling discount rates. This is possible because the central bank in every country supplies commercial banks with the money they require to meet consumer demand. Therefore, the central bank can meet and control consumer demand for money by controlling the national interest rates. For example, the consumer demand for money will increase greatly if the interest rates decrease while a decrease in consumer demand for money will arise if the interest rates increase. Roles of depository institutions By definition, depository